Children in an LAC classroom.
PANAMA CITY, Panama--Economic difficulties in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and the devastating effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have contributed to the slowdown and stagnation in the progress made towards UN Sustainable Development Goal number four (SDG 4) and educational achievements seen between 2015 and 2021.
This is revealed in “Education in Latin America and the Caribbean at a Crossroads. The SDG4-Education 2030 Regional Monitoring Report”, launched September 8 in the framework of International Literacy Day.
A result of collaboration among the Regional Bureau for Education in Latin America and the Caribbean OREALC/UNESCO Santiago, the UNICEF Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean LACRO and the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), the report identifies challenges facing the region and areas that require urgent attention to achieve the SDG4 goals set. The wealth and breadth of information contained in the report make it a key regional input for decision-makers and the Transforming Education Summit convened by the United Nations secretary general.
Conclusions
The publication summarises five major regional trends during the 2015-2021 cycle. The first two highlight positive aspects in the evolution of various relevant education indicators.
The first trend expresses the continuity in the general growth of educational levels of the population, evident in the increase in adult literacy levels and the highest educational level achieved by the population, indicators that have been advancing steadily for decades. For example, in the last 10 years, the number of illiterate people has fallen by 7.7 million, although in rural areas 12.8% of the young and adult population is still illiterate.
Claudia Uribe, director of OREALC/UNESCO Santiago, mentions that: “The evidence shows some positive news, but reinforces the pressing need for greater investment and state capacities to lead the improvement and systemic transformation of education to accelerate progress on the educational goals set in 2015.”
The second trend illustrates a more recent improvement in certain educational indicators, combined with a reduction in inequalities. Access to pre-primary education has increased, especially in rural areas and in the lowest income quintile of the population. Completion of secondary education has also improved, especially among the most vulnerable groups. On the other hand, between 2000 and 2020, the proportion of overage pupils at the primary level fell from 14.4% to 7.8%, while in lower secondary education it fell from 18% to 13% between 2010 and 2020.
By 2019, the gross enrolment rate of pre-primary education (from age three to the start of primary school) was 77.5%, with steady growth over the last 20 years. “Between 2015 and 2020, enrolment in pre-primary education (zero to two years) increased by 2.1 million children, a faster pace than in previous years. However, since the onset of the pandemic, we have observed how early childhood has not been prioritised, putting these gains at risk. We urge governments to invest in early childhood so that no child is left behind,” said Rada Noeva, Deputy Regional Director in charge of UNICEF LACRO.
The next three trends contain warning signs about the evolution of education indicators. The third trend shows a slowdown in the improvement of certain indicators that had been progressing in recent decades. For example, between 2015 and 2020, secondary education completion rates increased by 1.9 percentage points for lower secondary and 2.1 for upper secondary, while in the period 2010-2015 these values were 6.1 and 6.0, respectively.
The fourth trend indicates a worrisome stagnation in key indicators of access to primary and secondary education and in the assessments of the quality of learning. The percentage of the out-of-school population in primary and secondary education has remained virtually unchanged over the period. “In 2019, an estimated 10.4 million children and young people were excluded from access to primary and secondary education in Latin America and the Caribbean. These figures predate the pandemic, the effects of which add greater fragility to the trajectories that guarantee permanence in the education system,” said Alberto Arenas de Mesa, Director of the Social Development Division of ECLAC.
The impact of the pandemic has seriously threatened learning achievements. Comparisons of results from UNESCO’s Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study ERCE 2019 with the previous evaluation Third Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study TERCE 2013 show that the region failed to improve in the areas of reading, mathematics and science, which had occurred between 2006 and 2013. With regard to secondary education, results in the 10 Latin American countries participating in the last edition of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018 show that the regional average did not vary between 2015 and 2018 in the three areas.
The fifth trend indicates an increase in certain specific gaps at the tertiary level. Although the cycle of expansion in tertiary education continued between 2015 and 2020, incorporating 17 million students over the last 20 years, this expansion is uneven. For example, access to tertiary education in the rural sector increased only slightly between 2015 and 2020. Gaps in access between men and women have widened: if the gross enrolment rate in higher education in 2000 for both groups was between 21% and 25%, by 2020 the gap widened, with 61.7% for women and 46.8% for men. Gaps in access by socio-economic level have also widened. In recent years, tertiary education has almost exclusively favoured the middle- and upper-income sectors.
With regard to financing for education, a key dimension of education policy and the trends identified, 15 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have reduced their public investment in education since 2015. This stagnation intensified with the COVID-19 crisis, which in 2020 alone brought an economic contraction of 7.7% of gross domestic product (GDP). Between 2015 and 2019, education spending as a percentage of total public spending fell from 16.1% to 15.4% in the region. Relative to GDP, this percentage fell from 4.5% to 4.3%.
The figures provided in this report were considered in the preparation of the Declaration of Buenos Aires (2022) and fall within the framework of the III Regional Meeting of Ministers of Education of Latin America and the Caribbean. In that Declaration, the region’s education authorities acknowledged the challenges in meeting the 2030 SDG 4 targets and recognised the need for profound transformation that addresses the structural and systemic factors that have contributed to the region’s educational inequities and injustice.
The Education Transformation Summit, which will take place at the United Nations headquarters in New York, on September 19, will provide a global forum to take stock of the efforts needed to recover pandemic-related learning losses, reimagine education systems for today’s and tomorrow’s world, and revitalise national and global efforts to achieve SDG 4. ~ UNICEF ~
