WASHINGTON--The U.S. Supreme Court on Wednesday ruled in favour of a Pennsylvania teenager who sued after a profanity-laced social media post got her banished from her high school's cheerleading squad in a closely watched free speech case, but it declined to outright bar public schools from regulating off-campus speech.
The justices ruled 8-1 that the punishment that Mahanoy Area School District officials gave the plaintiff, Brandi Levy, for her social media post - made on Snapchat at a local convenience store in Mahanoy City on a weekend - violated her free speech rights under the U.S. Constitution's First Amendment. The decision was authored by liberal Justice Stephen Breyer.
The case involved the free speech rights of America's roughly 50 million public school students in the internet and social media era. Many schools and educators have argued that their ability to curb bullying, threats, cheating and harassment - all frequently occurring online - should not be limited to school grounds.
The justices preserved the authority of public schools to sometimes regulate speech that occurs away from campus. They declined to endorse a lower court decision that found that the First Amendment guarantee of free speech prohibited punishing students for what they say off campus.
"The school's regulatory interests remain significant in some off-campus circumstances," Breyer wrote in the ruling.
Breyer cited some specific behaviour that may require schools to act including severe bullying or harassment, threats aimed at teachers or other students, and rule-breaking. Breyer made clear, however, that schools have less power over off-campus speech than on-campus speech.
"When it comes to political or religious speech that occurs outside school or a school programme or activity, the school will have a heavy burden to justify intervention," Breyer wrote in the ruling. The ruling left the door open to future cases to better define the scope of that power.
In a dissent, conservative Justice Clarence Thomas said that schools "historically could discipline students in circumstances like those presented here" and that lower courts will be "at a loss" in trying to apply the ruling.
Levy praised the Supreme Court for agreeing that her school went too far. "I was frustrated, I was 14 years old, and I expressed my frustration the way teenagers do today. Young people need to have the ability to express themselves without worrying about being punished when they get to school," added Levy, who along with her parents was represented in the case by the American Civil Liberties Union.
The school district also welcomed the ruling, calling it "an important vindication of schools' authority to protect students and staff and to fulfill schools' educational missions."
Levy, now an 18-year-old college student studying accounting, had been a member of the high school's junior varsity cheerleading squad and tried out near the end of her freshman year for the varsity team. She made her Snapchat post in May 2017, two days after an unsuccessful tryout.
On a Saturday at a Cocoa Hut convenience store in Mahanoy City in Pennsylvania's coal region, she posted a photo of her and a friend raising their middle fingers, adding a caption using the same curse word four times to voice her displeasure with cheerleading, softball, school and "everything."
Levy's photo was visible for 24 hours on Snapchat, along with another post questioning a younger girl's selection to the varsity squad. Some cheerleaders and students chafed at the posts and the controversy disrupted classes, according to court papers. As punishment, Mahanoy Area High School coaches kicked her off the cheerleading squad for a year.
The case focused upon a 1969 Supreme Court precedent in a case known as Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District that let public schools punish student speech when it would "substantially disrupt" a school community. At issue was whether that authority extended beyond the schoolhouse gates.
Levy and her parents sued the district, seeking reinstatement as a cheerleader and a judgment that her First Amendment rights had been violated. A federal judge ordered Levy's reinstatement, finding that her actions had not been disruptive enough to warrant the punishment. After the school district appealed, the Philadelphia-based 3rd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals decided that the 1969 precedent did not apply to off-campus speech and that school officials may not regulate such speech.
President Joe Biden's administration supported the district in the case, arguing that off-campus student speech deserves broad protection unless it threatens the school community or targets specific individuals, groups or school functions. The case involved the power of public schools, as governmental institutions, in regulating speech, not private schools.
